Topic: SINDH UNIVERSITY PAST PAPERS AND SYLLABUS

Explanation
The pattern appears to be that the number on the right side of the equation is the last digit of the number on the left side . The last digit of 57 is 7 .

Explanation
Step 1: Calculate the expression -3 + 12 = 9 Step 2: Compare the result to the options Since √81 = 9 (because 9² = 81), the correct answer is √81 .

Explanation
2a³ - a³ = (2-1)a³ = 1a³ = a³ This is because when you subtract a³ from 2a³ , you are essentially subtracting 1a³ from 2a³ , leaving you with 1a³ , which simplifies to a³ .

Explanation
Step 1: Calculate the division 0.3/0.1 = 3 Step 2: Multiply the result by 0.3 3 × 0.3 = 0.9

Explanation
The secant of an angle θ is defined as 1/cos(θ). For θ = 0, cos(0) = 1 . sec(0) = 1/cos(0) = 1/1 = 1 .

Explanation
The cosine of π radians (or 180 degrees) is -1 .

Explanation
The cosine of 0 degrees is 1 .

Explanation
π (pi) is approximately 3.14159 . The value of Pi (π) is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

Explanation
Step 1: Recall the definition of set difference The set difference A - B is the set of elements that are in A but not in B. Step 2: Calculate A - A A = {1,2,3,4} A - A = {} (since every element in A is also in A, the difference is the empty set )

Explanation
The distributive law for sets states that A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C).

Explanation
The pattern appears to be that the number on the right side of the equation is the last digit of the number on the left side . The last digit of 57 is 7 .

Explanation
Step 1: Calculate the expression -3 + 12 = 9 Step 2: Compare the result to the options Since √81 = 9 (because 9² = 81), the correct answer is √81 .

Explanation
2a³ - a³ = (2-1)a³ = 1a³ = a³ This is because when you subtract a³ from 2a³ , you are essentially subtracting 1a³ from 2a³ , leaving you with 1a³ , which simplifies to a³ .

Explanation
Step 1: Calculate the division 0.3/0.1 = 3 Step 2: Multiply the result by 0.3 3 × 0.3 = 0.9

Explanation
0.2 × 0.02 = 0.004

Explanation
The cell is the smallest unit of life . Cells are called ‘ structural ’ and ‘ functional ’ units for a reason. Cells are made of molecules which are in turn made up of atoms . “ Cell is the unit of LIFE ” is that a cell is the smallest living entity in a living system.

Explanation
The backbone of DNA consists of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups , linked by phosphodiester bonds. Key Information : Sugar-Phosphate Backbone : Provides structural stability to the DNA double helix. Directionality: 5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (sugar) orientation. Nitrogenous Bases (A, T, C, G) : Attached to the sugar but not part of the backbone. Form hydrogen bonds to create base pairs (A-T, C-G).

Explanation
Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) are present in: Nucleus : Contains genomic DNA (eukaryotic cells). Mitochondria : Have their own mtDNA (vital for energy production). Chloroplasts (in plants/algae): Contain cpDNA for photosynthesis-related functions.

Explanation
The modern periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number (number of protons). This arrangement resolves inconsistencies in earlier tables and groups elements with similar properties together.

Explanation
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is called the energy currency of the cell because it stores and provides energy for cellular activities. It releases energy when converted to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate), which is then recycled back into ATP through cellular respiration.

Explanation
Boyle’s Law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure (P) and volume (V) of a given mass of gas at constant temperature (isothermal conditions): P ∝ 1/V or PV = constant Key Points : Conditions : Fixed mass and temperature (no chemical reactions). Example : Compressing a syringe (volume ↓ → pressure ↑).

Explanation
The increase in length (or volume) of solids when heated is specifically called thermal expansion . Key Information : Thermal Expansion : Occurs due to increased atomic vibrations with temperature. Linear expansion : Change in length (e.g., railroad tracks expanding in summer). Volumetric expansion : Change in 3D dimensions (e.g., mercury in thermometers).

Explanation
Methane is the simplest of saturated hydrocarbons with a chemical formula CH4. It consists of four hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom. It is the simplest alkane .

Explanation
Cholesterol is a vital precursor in the biosynthesis of: Vitamin D : Cholesterol converts to 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, which forms vitamin D₃ under UV light. Steroid Hormones : Cholesterol is the backbone for : Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone). Adrenal hormones (cortisol, aldosterone).

Explanation
0.2 × 0.02 = 0.004

Explanation
The cell is the smallest unit of life . Cells are called ‘ structural ’ and ‘ functional ’ units for a reason. Cells are made of molecules which are in turn made up of atoms . “ Cell is the unit of LIFE ” is that a cell is the smallest living entity in a living system.

Explanation
The backbone of DNA consists of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups , linked by phosphodiester bonds. Key Information : Sugar-Phosphate Backbone : Provides structural stability to the DNA double helix. Directionality: 5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (sugar) orientation. Nitrogenous Bases (A, T, C, G) : Attached to the sugar but not part of the backbone. Form hydrogen bonds to create base pairs (A-T, C-G).

Explanation
Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) are present in: Nucleus : Contains genomic DNA (eukaryotic cells). Mitochondria : Have their own mtDNA (vital for energy production). Chloroplasts (in plants/algae): Contain cpDNA for photosynthesis-related functions.

Explanation
The modern periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number (number of protons). This arrangement resolves inconsistencies in earlier tables and groups elements with similar properties together.

Explanation
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is called the energy currency of the cell because it stores and provides energy for cellular activities. It releases energy when converted to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate), which is then recycled back into ATP through cellular respiration.

Explanation
Boyle’s Law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure (P) and volume (V) of a given mass of gas at constant temperature (isothermal conditions): P ∝ 1/V or PV = constant Key Points : Conditions : Fixed mass and temperature (no chemical reactions). Example : Compressing a syringe (volume ↓ → pressure ↑).

Explanation
The increase in length (or volume) of solids when heated is specifically called thermal expansion . Key Information : Thermal Expansion : Occurs due to increased atomic vibrations with temperature. Linear expansion : Change in length (e.g., railroad tracks expanding in summer). Volumetric expansion : Change in 3D dimensions (e.g., mercury in thermometers).

Explanation
Methane is the simplest of saturated hydrocarbons with a chemical formula CH4. It consists of four hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom. It is the simplest alkane .

Explanation
Cholesterol is a vital precursor in the biosynthesis of: Vitamin D : Cholesterol converts to 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, which forms vitamin D₃ under UV light. Steroid Hormones : Cholesterol is the backbone for : Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone). Adrenal hormones (cortisol, aldosterone).

Explanation
0.2 × 0.02 = 0.004

Explanation
The cell is the smallest unit of life . Cells are called ‘ structural ’ and ‘ functional ’ units for a reason. Cells are made of molecules which are in turn made up of atoms . “ Cell is the unit of LIFE ” is that a cell is the smallest living entity in a living system.

Explanation
The backbone of DNA consists of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups , linked by phosphodiester bonds. Key Information : Sugar-Phosphate Backbone : Provides structural stability to the DNA double helix. Directionality: 5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (sugar) orientation. Nitrogenous Bases (A, T, C, G) : Attached to the sugar but not part of the backbone. Form hydrogen bonds to create base pairs (A-T, C-G).