Environmental Science In Agricultural — Part 1 MCQs with Explanations

An ecological pyramid of energy flow is, often an inverted pyramid in the Ocean ecosystem. Life on the ocean's surface connects worlds. From shallow waters to the deep sea, the open ocean to rivers and lakes, numerous terrestrial and marine species depend on the surface ecosystem and the organisms found there. In this ecosystem, the standing crop of phytoplankton, the major producers, at any given point will be lower than the mass of the heterotrophs, such as fish and insects. This is explained as the phytoplankton reproduce very quickly, but have much shorter individual lives.

Adherence to the two-children norm shall help in Stabilising ecosystem. An ecosystem is said to possess ecological stability or equilibrium if it is capable of returning to its equilibrium state after a perturbation or does not experience unexpected large changes in its characteristics across time. Focusing on the biotic components of an ecosystem, a population or a community possesses numerical stability if the number of individuals is constant or resilient. Adhering to two children will maintain the ratio of population with the availability of resources.

The method for converting combustible gaseous compounds CO 2 and H 2 O, halogen HX and S to SO 2 , is Adsorption method. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon and does not penetrate through the surface to the bulk of the adsorbent, while absorption involves the whole volume of the material, although adsorption does often precede absorption. It is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface.

Dudhwa National Park is located in Uttar Pradesh. The Dudhwa National Park is a national park in the Terai belt of marshy grasslands in northern Uttar Pradesh, India. It stretches over an area of 490.3 km 2 , with a buffer zone of 190 km 2 . It is part of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve in the Kheri and Lakhimpur districts. The park is located on the Indo-Nepali border in the Lakhimpur Kheri District and has buffers of reserved forest areas on the northern and southern sides.

Hypothesis is Hunch of scholars. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. The words "hypothesis" and "theory" are often used interchangeably, a scientific hypothesis is not the same as a scientific theory. A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research in a process beginning with an educated guess or thought. Hunch is also a thought or an idea that is based on a feeling rather than on facts or information, and hyphothesis can be referred to as hunch of Scholar or researcher.

Chlorella has maximum efficiency to convert solar energy into chemical energy. Chlorella is a genus of about thirteen species of single-celled green algae of the division Chlorophyta. Their chloroplasts contain the green photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll-a and -b. In ideal conditions cells of Chlorella multiply rapidly, requiring only carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and a small number of minerals to reproduce. Chlorella could convert 20% of solar energy into a plant that, when dried, contains 50% protein.

Major health effects due to depletion of ozone layer are Increase in eye cataracts and mutation, Increase in skin cancer and melanoma and also a decrease in growth of ocean flora and fauna. Ozone layer depletion increases surface UVB levels, which could lead to damage, including an increase in skin cancer. The ozone hole was seen as a "hot issue" and imminent risk as laypeople feared severe personal consequences such as skin cancer, cataracts, damage to plants, and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean's photic zone.

Man has created his special environment. It is called a Noosphere. The word is derived from the Greek Noo word means "mind", "reason" and "sphere", in lexical analogy to "atmosphere" and "biosphere". The noosphere shares the common thesis that together human reason and scientific thought have created, and will continue to create, the next evolutionary geological layer. This geological layer is part of the evolutionary chain.

The Earth's capital are Air, water and soil, Wildlife, raw materials and minerals, and Energy resources and degradation. The earth's capital includes organisms, plants and animals that have resources like air, water, land, soil for come and gone, but some have stayed.

O 3 produces another air pollutant by reacting with oxides of nitrogen in presence of sunlight. High levels of nitrogen dioxide are also harmful to vegetation damaging foliage, decreasing growth or reducing crop yields. Nitrogen dioxide can fade and discolour furnishings and fabrics, reduce visibility, and react with surfaces. In the sunlight, oxygen reacts with nitrogen oxides emitted mainly from vehicles, power plants, and industrial activities to form ozone, which in turn helps the formation of organic aerosol.

Atmospheric content of CO 2 is 0.0341%. In Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide is a trace gas that plays an integral part in the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, photosynthesis and oceanic carbon cycle. The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.0341%) and trace gases.

Greenhouse effect is warming due to an increase in temperature due to an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is the way in which heat is trapped close to Earth's surface by “greenhouse gases”. The warming effect of the sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide. The first quantitative prediction of global warming is due to a hypothetical doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Ecology of individual species and its population including the effect of other organisms and environmental conditions on every stage of life cycle is known as Autoecology. Autecology is an approach in ecology that seeks to explain the distribution and abundance of species by studying interactions of individual organisms with their environments. Autecological theory relates the species-specific requirements and environmental tolerances of individuals to the geographic distribution of the species, with individuals tracking suitable conditions, and having the capacity for migration at least one stage in their life cycles.

Those species whose populations have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate security is not assured are known as vulnerable species. A vulnerable species is a species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being threatened with extinction unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve. There are currently 5,196 animals and 6,789 plants classified as Vulnerable, compared with 1998 levels of 2,815 and 3,222, respectively.

The term biosphere is used for a zone containing living beings in lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. The biosphere also known as the ecosphere, is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on Earth. The biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

Smog is produced due to Smoke and fog. Smog, or smoke fog, is a type of intense air pollution. The word "smog" was coined in the early 20 th century, and is a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog due to its opacity and odour. Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health. Ground-level ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide are especially harmful to senior citizens, children, and people with heart and lung conditions such as emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma.

Goitre is an enlargement of Thyroid gland. A goitre is a lump or swelling at the front of the neck caused by a swollen thyroid. The thyroid is a small gland in your neck that makes hormones. A goitre can present as a palpable or visible enlargement of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck. The most common cause for goitre is iodine deficiency, commonly seen in countries that scarcely use iodized salt. Selenium deficiency is also considered a contributing factor.

The most abundant element in the body of organisms and the outside environment is Oxygen. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are the most important elements. Small quantities of other elements are necessary for life. Oxygen is the most common element in the human body, comprising approximately 65.0% of body mass. Most of the oxygen present is found in the form of water.

Carbon-dioxide content of atmosphere has increased in the past 150 years from 270 ⟶ 340 ppm. In Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide is a trace gas that plays an integral part in the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, photosynthesis and oceanic carbon cycle. Estimates in 2001 found that the current carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere may be the highest in the last 20 million years. The concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are expressed as parts per million by volume. CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human activity.

In an unbalanced, skewed, distribution measure of range of central tendency is least biased. A measure of central tendency is a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the middle or centre of its distribution. It is a central or typical value for a probability distribution.

Cave habitats are most unsuitable for primary productivity. It is damp, cool, and lacks light but temperature and humidity vary widely. This is the area that has the greatest abundance and diversity of life. Cave habitats can be divided into three zones. Its relatively small amount of food, which all comes from outside of the caves and is brought in by sinking rivers and percolating water, by different animals (e.g. bats), as well as by falling in the caves.

The gas released in Bhopal tragedy was MIC. The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was a chemical accident on the night of 2 nd - 3 rd December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. In the world's worst industrial disaster, over 5,00,000 people in the small towns around the plant were exposed to the highly toxic gas methyl isocyanate (MIC).

Forests and Pasture land in India is 183 million. In India, about 51.09% of the land is under cultivation, 21.81% under forest and 3.92% under pasture. In 2021, the total forest and tree cover in India is 80.9 million hectares, which is 24.62% of the geographical area of the country. Encouraging to note that 17 states/UTs have above 33% of the geographical area under forest cover.

Examples of organic compounds are Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated hydrocarbons and Simple Sugars. An organochloride, organochlorine compound, chlorocarbon, or chlorinated hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways. These compounds are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen.

Larger and more complex organic compounds are known as Polymers. Complex organic molecules refer to polymer-like molecules such as proteins. Proteins are typical complex organic polymers with well-defined three-dimensional shapes, composed of 20 kinds of amino acids. A polymer is any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers.

The important steps in solid waste management are Waste generation and collection, On-site handling, storage and processing, and Transport and disposal. Waste management includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process and waste-related laws, technologies, economic mechanisms. Waste management aims to reduce the dangerous effects of such waste on the environment and human health.

Data deals with datum, Quantities of information and also with Numericals. Data is a collection of discrete values that convey information, describing the quantity, quality, fact, statistics. A datum is an individual value in a collection of data. It is usually organized into structures such as tables that provide additional context and meaning, and which may themselves be used as data in larger structures.

Lead in water can cause Eye disease. Lead can enter drinking water when a chemical reaction occurs in plumbing materials that contain lead. This is known as corrosion which is the dissolving or wearing away of metal from the pipes and fixtures. This reaction is more severe when water has high acidity or low mineral content. Lead exposure can cause difficulty in vision, including difficulty seeing in low light, blurred vision, and chronic eye irritation.

The most tolerant to sewage pollution is Chlorella. Chlorella vulgaris is a single-celled fresh water algae Chlorella vulgaris is effective in eliminating pollutants from wastewater even at fluctuating levels. It removes pollutants from wastewater. They remove CO 2 and restore O 2 through the process of photosynthesis.

Limited private operations are allowed in Sanctuaries. Sanctuary is a word derived from the Latin sanctuarium, which is, like most words ending in -arium, a container for keeping something in this case holy things or perhaps cherished people. An animal sanctuary is a facility where animals are brought to live and be protected for the rest of their lives. Unlike animal shelters, sanctuaries do not seek to place animals with individuals or groups, instead maintaining each animal until its natural death. Protected areas act as benchmarks against which we understand human interactions with the natural world.

Types of forests found near equator are Tropical rain forests. Tropical rainforests are characterized by being hot and wet. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18°C (64°F) during all months of the year. Average annual rainfall is no less than 1,680 mm (66 inch) and can exceed 10 m (390 inch) although it typically lies between 1,750 mm (69 inch) and 3,000 mm (120 inch). This high level of precipitation often results in poor soils due to leaching of soluble nutrients in the ground.

B.O.D. is related to Organic pollutants. Biochemical oxygen demand is an analytical parameter representing the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) consumed by aerobic bacteria growing on the organic material present in a water sample at a specific temperature over a specific period. The B.O.D. value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20°C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic water pollution.

The inexhaustible power is Tidal energy, Ocean energy and hydroelectric power. An inexhaustible resource is a resource that never runs out or gets depleted. Tidal energy is harnessed by converting energy from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity using various methods. Ocean energy refers to all forms of renewable energy derived from the sea. Three main types of ocean technology are wave, tidal and ocean thermal. Hydroelectric power is one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.

Disposal of fly ash is carried out in Ash ponds. An ash pond, also called a coal ash basin or surface impoundment, is an engineered structure used at coal-fired power stations for the disposal of two types of coal combustion products: bottom ash and fly ash. The pond is used as a landfill to prevent the release of ash into the atmosphere.

Humus is defined as decomposed organic matter in soil. Humus is the dark organic matter in soil that is formed by the decomposition of plant and animal matter. It is a kind of soil organic matter. It is rich in nutrients and retains moisture in the soil. Humification can occur naturally in soil or artificially in the production of compost. Organic matter is humified by a combination of saprotrophic fungi, bacteria, microbes and animals such as earthworms, nematodes, protozoa and arthropods.

Soil Conservation is protection against loss of soil. Soil conservation is the prevention of loss of the topmost layer of the soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination. Techniques for improved soil conservation include crop rotation, cover crops, conservation tillage and planted windbreaks, which affect both erosion and fertility.

The ecological cycle that is directly driven by sunlight is Hydrologic. The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, is a biogeochemical cycle that describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The hydrologic cycle involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system. This cycle is powered by the energy emitted by the sun. This energy heats water in the ocean and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Some ice and snow sublimate directly into water vapour.

The entire inhabited part of the earth and its atmosphere including the living components form Biosphere. The biosphere also known as the ecosphere is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on Earth. The biosphere is virtually a closed system of matter, with minimal inputs and outputs. The biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

The ozone layer exists at 25 km height over the earth. The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometers above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically.

Nitrogen fixation is Nitrogen ⟶ Ammonia and Nitrogen ⟶ Nitrates. Nitrogen fixation or Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) is a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen (N 2 ), which has a strong triple covalent bond, is converted into ammonia (NH 3 ) or related nitrogenous compounds like nitrates. The production of the nitrogenase complex is genetically regulated, and the activity of the protein complex is dependent on ambient oxygen concentrations, intracellular and extracellular concentrations of ammonia and oxidized nitrogen species (nitrate and nitrite).