Agricultural Entomology — Part 1 MCQs with Explanations

The reduviid bug Sycanus collaris is predatory of Termites. They have an elongated head with a distinct narrowed 'neck', long legs, and prominent, segmented, tubular mouthparts, most commonly called the proboscis, but some authors use the term "rostrum". Most species are bright in colour with hues of brown, black, red, or orange. Predatory Reduviidae use the long rostrum to inject lethal saliva that liquefies the insides of the prey, which are then sucked out. The saliva contains enzymes that digest the tissues they swallow.

The egg colour of Earias sp. is Sky blue. The insects of this species are small; fore wings with uniform silvery green colored whereas E. vittella has buff-colored forewings with a green band on the middle of the fore wings. Earias insulana has complete green forewings Scuptured, crown shaped, deep sky blue colour eggs are deposited singly on the shoot tips, buds, flowers, fruits.

Nerve ring is called the brain of the nematode. The nerve ring receives sensory input from the anterior tip of the animal using six nerve bundles, all nerve fibers of which have centrally located cell bodies. The central nervous system consists primarily of a so-called circumoral brain or nerve ring, consisting of annular neuropil that encircles the neck of the pharyngeal muscle.

The Indian board of wildlife was constituted in 1952. The Government of India in 1952 constituted an advisory body designated as the Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL). The Indian Board for Wildlife was chaired by the Prime Minister. The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 was enacted for providing special legal protection to wildlife.

Pyridalyl is introduced to India in 2005. Pyridalyl is an organochlorine insecticide, an organofluorine insecticide, and a dichlorobenzene. It is a new insecticide intended for the control of lepidopterous larvae and thrips as part of Insect Resistance Management (IRM) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. It is registered for use in enclosed greenhouses only.

NSKE is a pesticide that is of plant origin. NSKE is a Neem seed kernel extract that is extracted from neem seeds, thus plant-based. Remove the outer seed coat and use only the kernel. If the seeds are fresh, 3 kg of the kernel is sufficient. If the seeds are old, 5 kg is required. Pound the kernel gently and tie it loosely with a cotton cloth. Soak this overnight in a vessel containing 10 litres of water. After this, it is filtered. On filtering, 6 - 7 litre of the extract can be obtained. 500 - 1000 ml of this extract should be diluted with $$9\frac{1}{2}$$ or 9 litres of water. Neem Kernel extracts (500 to 2000 ml) are required per tank (10 liters capacity). 3 - 5 kg of neem kernel is required for an acre.

The state ranks first in raw silk production in Karnataka. The south Indian state of Karnataka is the leading raw silk producer, with over 8,483 metric tons of raw silk produced in the fiscal year 2021. The Ramanagara district in Karnataka is the largest market for silk cocoons in Asia. Karnataka produces 9,000 metric tons of mulberry silk of a total of 20,000 metric tons of mulberry silk produced in the country, thus contributing to nearly 45% of the country's total mulberry silk.

National research centre of integrated pest management is situated in New Delhi. National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM) is a premier research institute of the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR). The institute was established on 12 th February 1988, to develop and promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies for major crops with minimum ecological implications; generate a national database on all aspects of pest management, and advise national priorities and pest management policies.

The number of chambers in the heart of the cockroach is 13. The heart of the cockroach consists of an elongated muscular tube lying along the mid-dorsal line of the thorax and abdomen. It is differentiated into funnel shaped chambers with ostia on either side. Blood from the sinuses enters the heart through ostia and is pumped anteriorly to the sinuses again. The blood vascular system of the cockroach is an open type Blood vessel are poorly developed and open into space (haemocoel). Visceral organs located in the haemocoel are bathed in blood (haemolymph). The haemolymph is composed of colourless plasma and haemocytes.

The economic threshold for monitoring Heliothis-armigera by pheromone trap in the gram field is 4 - 6 adults/trap/night. A pheromone trap is a type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects. Pheromone traps are used both to count insect populations by sampling and to trap pests such as clothes moths to destroy them. Helicoverpa armigera is known as the cotton bollworm, corn earworm, Old World (African) bollworm, or scarce bordered straw. The larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including many important cultivated crops. It is a major pest in cotton and one of the most polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest species.

Endosulphan is not an insect hormone. It is a broad-spectrum insecticide that is used to control a variety of pests in agriculture. It acts as a poison, targeting the nervous system of insects, but it is not a naturally occurring hormone in insects. Ecdysone is a natural insect hormone. It is a steroid hormone that regulates molting and metamorphosis in insects. Ecdysone is responsible for initiating the process of molting, where the insect sheds its old exoskeleton and forms a new one. It is crucial for the growth and development of insects. Chitin is not an insect hormone. It is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods. Chitin provides rigidity and protection to the insect's body but does not play a hormonal role in the insect's physiology. Allethrin is also not an insect hormone. It is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in household insect repellents, such as mosquito coils. It works by disrupting the nervous system of insects, leading to their death, but it is not involved in their growth or development like a hormone would be. Conclusion: Ecdysone is the only option that is an example of an insect hormone, playing a key role in molting and metamorphosis, making it the correct answer.

The insect order which is capable of flying in both forward and backward directions is Odonata. Odonata is an order of flying insects that includes dragonflies and damselflies. These insects characteristically have large rounded heads covered mostly by well-developed, compound eyes, which provide good vision, legs that facilitate catching prey in flight, two pairs of long, transparent wings that move independently, and elongated abdomens. They have three ocelli and short antennae. The mouthparts are on the underside of the head and include simple chewing mandibles in the adult.

Pest management should be done at the Economic threshold level. An economic threshold is the insect's population level or extent of crop damage at which the value of the crop destroyed exceeds the cost of controlling the pest. The pest density at which management action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level. EILs are usually expressed as a pest density and are developed from yield-loss relationships.

A. Little bee - Apis florea Apis florea is unique for its morphology, foraging behavior and defensive mechanisms like making a piping noise. Apis florea has open nests and small colonies, which makes them more susceptible to predation than cavity nesters with large numbers of defensive workers. B. Indian bee - Apis cerana indica Apis cerana indica, the Indian honey bee, is a subspecies of Asiatic honey bee. They usually build multiple combed nests in tree hollows and man-made structures. These bees can adapt to living in purpose-made hives and cavities. C. Giant or rock bee - Apis dorsata Giant honey bees are the largest of the honey bee species. The Giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) is very large (17 - 20 mm long) however its colour is quite similar to the European honey bee, with golden, black and pale bands on the abdomen and a hairy thorax. D. Italian bee - Melipona irridipennis is not correctly matched. Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee. The Italian honey bee is endemic to the continental part of Italy, south of the Alps, and north of Sicily.

Total numbers of cephalic neuromeres are 6. Neuromeres can be defined as morphologically identifiable transverse subdivisions perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the embryonic brain and extending onto both sides of the body. The rostral end of the neural tube forms amesencephalic neuromere and probably six forebrain neuromeres.

Trichoptera is known as water moth. The caddisflies, or order Trichoptera, are a group of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are approximately 14,500 described species, most of which can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia based on the adult mouthparts. Trichoptera, or caddisflies, are an order of aquatic insects occurring around the world in rivers, streams, and lakes. About 15,000 species are known.

Sexual trimorphism is seen in the Stag beetle. Trimorphism is the property exhibited by certain species of having or occurring in three different forms. Adult male stag beetles have characteristic antler-like mandibles and can grow up to a whopping 75 mm in length. Females have much smaller mandibles and grow between 30 - 50 mm. Both males and females have shiny black heads and thoraxes and brown chestnut-coloured wing cases.

In India Bt cotton was released for commercial cultivation in year 2002. In 2002, a joint venture between Monsanto and Mahyco introduced Bt cotton to India. India grew the largest GM cotton crop at 10.6 million hectares. India is the largest producer of cotton, and GM cotton, as of 2014.

Nemagel is a type of Entomo Pathogenic Nematode. Entomopathogenic nematodes are soft bodied, non-segmented roundworms that are obligate or sometimes facultative parasites of insects. Entomopathogenic nematodes occur naturally in soil environments and locate their host in response to carbon dioxide, vibration and other chemical cues.

The spotted boll worm is Earias vittella. Earias vittella, an Asian "spotted bollworm", is a moth species in the family Nolidae. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794. Most records are from Asia, Australia and certain Pacific islands. Larvae chew holes into the base of bolls and may hollow out locks. Moist frass usually accumulates around the base of the boll. Larvae may also chew shallow gouges in the boll surface, which can become infected with rot organisms.

Carrot broth method is used for mass multiplication of Green muscardine fungus. Carrot Broth One-Step is a selective and differential medium that is intended for the detection of Group B Streptococcus. Green muscardine disease is the presentation of a fungal infection of insects caused by members of the Metarhizium or Nomuraea species. Carrot roots were selected for mass production of mycorrhizal spores among tomato, potato, sweet potato, soybean, amaranths and carrots through the root organ culturing method.

Example of an insect order in which nymphs are called naids is Odonata. Odonata is an order of flying insects that includes dragonflies and damselflies. All Odonata have aquatic larvae called naiads (nymphs), and all of them, larvae and adults, are carnivorous. The adults can land, but rarely walk. Their legs are specialized for catching prey. They are almost entirely insectivorous.

In insects the 1 st pair of post-oral appendages are Maxillae. Pair of structures called first maxillae, each consisting of a bladelike lacinia, a hoodlike galea, and a segmented palp bearing sense organ. The paired second maxillae are partly fused in the midline to form the lower lip or labium.

Atropine is alan Antidote. Atropine is the preferred antidote for immediate management of toxicity associated with nerve agents or other cholinergic syndromes. A large-scale exposure to a nerve agent or organophosphate insecticide might result in many victims presenting for care within a short period.

Dasineura lini is the pest of Linseed. Dasineura is a genus of midges in the family Cecidomyiidae, some of which cause galls on plants such as Dasineura crataegi on hawthorn and Dasineura fraxinea on ash. Linseed crop is attacked by several insect pests at various phases of their growth. Among these linseed bud flies, Dasineura lini Barnes causes 88 percent grain yield losses and it is a key pest of linseed.

Paedogenesis is a type of Parthenogenesis. Paedogenesis, is reproduction by sexually mature larvae, usually without fertilization. The young may be eggs, such as are produced by Miastor, a genus of gall midge flies, or other larval forms, as in the case of some flukes. Parthenogenesis is also a form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm. Thus, paedogenesis is a type of parthenogenesis.

Nibbling of rice earhead and defoliation leaving midrib in rice is caused by Hieroglyphus banian (rice grass hopper). Rice grasshopper is an important pest of rice. It causes heavy damage to nurseries and reduces yield. Adults are about the size of your little finger. The body is a shiny greenish yellow colour with three black lines on its upper side.

Silk gland is a modified part of labial gland and Ectodermal in origin. In lepidopteron larvae, the silk thread of the cocoon is secreted by a pair of silk glands which are modified labial glands. Silk gland is ectodermal in origin and lies on the lateral side of the gut.

Sudden trapping is used for Collembola. Insect traps are used to monitor or directly reduce populations of insects or other arthropods, by trapping individuals and killing them. Collembola form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects. Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter and the control of soil microbial communities.

Number of nymphal stages is Acarina is 3. The order Acarina, including mites and ticks, contains numerous economically and medically important species that are parasitic on humans, domesticated or hunted animals, and crops, food, etc. The Ixodidae may have only one nymphal stage, while the Argasidae may have as many as eight. Some Prostigmata develops directly from egg to larviform adults, while others have from one to three nymphal stages.

Most common inorganic anion in insect blood is Chloride. Insect "blood" generally does not carry hemoglobin, although hemoglobin may be present in the tracheal system instead and play some role in respiration. Hemolymph is composed of water , inorganic salts, and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins and lipids). The inorganic salts are present in anion and cation form, one of the anions is chloride.

Gronim and Achook are commercial Neem Insecticides on available market. The most prominent constituent of neem is azadirachtin, which has been established as a pivotal insecticidal ingredient. It acts as an antifeedant, repellent, and repugnant agent and induces sterility in insects by preventing oviposition and interrupting sperm production in males. The commercial neem insecticides available in market are based on neem seed kernel extract (NSKE). Some products are Gronim, Neemazal, Achook, Nimbecedine. Neem based products are sensitive to UV light i.e. it degrades when exposed to sunlight.

Fruit sucking moths lay eggs on Tinospera cardifolia, Cocculus pendulus, and Cocculus hirsutus. The fruit-sucking moth is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Frederic Moore in 1877. Larva has pinkish-grey dorsal surface suffused darker to a V-shaped yellow band. It has black spiracles and marbled white-ringed rufous-orange ocellate marks with three ferrous lines crossing them. The adults are a pest on various fruits. They pierce the fruit to suck the juice.

Ovipositor lure used for rice stem borer is Para methyl acetophenone. Oviposition lures are natural chemical substances that control the selection of sites for oviposition by the adult female. By using these chemicals, adult female insects can be lured to lay an egg in an undesirable place where their larvae will die due to wanting food. Methylacetophenone is an aromatic ketone. 4'-Methylacetophenone is a natural product found in Cichorium endivia, Myrocarpus frondosus, and other organisms.

The chemical which is used to anaesthetize nematodes is Dichloro-triethyl ether. This chemical is obsolete as a general anesthetic. It is highly inflammable and therefore incompatible with modern surgical and anesthetic techniques. It has an unpleasant smell and irritates mucous membranes; this can cause coughing, straining, laryngeal spasm, and hypersalivation. It is largely supplanted the use of chloroform as a general anesthetic due to ether's more favourable therapeutic index, that is, a greater difference between an effective dose and a potentially toxic dose.

A group of caterpillars is called Army. The term used for group of caterpillars is called Army. Caterpillars are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). Caterpillars are typically voracious feeders and many of them are among the most serious of agricultural pests.

Auto-sexing in silkworms is achieved through Translocation. Translocation means a location change. It often refers to genetics, when part of a chromosome is transferred to another chromosome. Chromosomes are structures that carry genes, our units of heredity. In silkworms, the female is the heterogametic sex and has one Z and one W chromosome, whereas the male has two Z chromosomes.

The safest method of disposing off the leftover pesticide is disposal by burying it in the soil. Left over Pesticides should be disposed of in a safer place like barren isolated area. The used or empty containers should be crushed with stone and buried deep in the soil away from habitation. Wash hands and face with clean water and soap before eating or smoking.

Cochineal insects have proved very useful for Cactus prevention. Cochineal insects are soft-bodied, flat, oval-shaped scale insects. The females, wingless and about 5 mm (0.20 in) long, cluster on cactus pads. They penetrate the cactus with their beak-like mouthparts and feed on its juices, remaining immobile unless alarmed. Male nymphs feed on the cactus until they reach sexual maturity.

Centrifugal energy nozzle is used for fogs composed of very fine droplets. Centrifugal sprayer is a high-speed spinning disc (flat, concave or cage, or perforated cylinder atomizes the spray liquid into fine droplets. It is used to spray large areas with small quantity of the spray liquid. It is suitable for spraying shade or Orchard trees with droplet sizes 80 - 100 µ. For mosquito control, the droplet size is 50 - 70 µ. Such sprayer is High Concentration, Low Volume and Low Pressure.