Agricultural Entomology — Part 2 MCQs with Explanations

Malaria was first identified in Hyderabad. Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology is a malaria research institute located in Begumpet, Secunderabad, Hyderabad, India. Established in 1955, the institute is a division of Osmania University. Sir Ronald Ross was posted as a general duty medical officer to the regiment stationed in Secunderabad in 1893. His study confirmed that mosquitoes were the carriers of malaria parasites. For his work in demonstrating the life cycle of the parasites of malaria in mosquitoes, and thus establishing the hypothesis of Laveran and Manson, Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902.

Aldicarb is a carbamate pesticide. Aldicarb is a carbamate insecticide which is the active substance in the pesticide Temik. It is effective against thrips, aphids, spider mites, lygus, fleahoppers, and leafminers, but is primarily used as a nematicide. Aldicarb is a cholinesterase inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse.

A. Pink boll ⇔ worm Gossyplure The pink bollworm is an insect known for being a pest in cotton farming. The adult is a small, thin, gray moth with fringed wings. Gossyplure the pink bollworm sex pheromone has been used commercially since 1977 to suppress pest populations by disrupting mating in cotton. B. American boll ⇔ worm Hetilure Bollworm is the common term for a moth larva that attacks the fruiting bodies of certain crops, especially cotton. Hetilure is its pheromone. C. Bombyx mori ⇔ Bombykol Bombykol is a pheromone released by the female silkworm moth to attract mates. It is also the sex pheromone in the wild silk moth (Bombyx mandarina). Discovered by Adolf Butenandt in 1959, it was the first pheromone to be characterized chemically. Butenandt named the substance after the moth's Latin name Bombyx mori. D. Cotton boll ⇔ weevil Hexalure is not correctly matched. Weevil hexalure is not a sex pheromone nor cotton boll is any insect. The boll weevil is a beetle that feeds on cotton buds and flowers. The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants.

Callosobruchus chinensis is a storage pest of Gram. Callosobruchus chinensis is a common species of beetle found in the bean weevil subfamily, and is known to be a pest to many stored legumes. It is commonly known as the adzuki bean weevil it is not a true weevil, belonging instead to the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae. Some of their common host plants include green gram, lentil, cowpea, pigeon pea, chickpea and other pea species though they are known to live on many more legume hosts.

A. Tasar silk worm ⇔ Antheraea mylitta Antheraea paphia, known as the South India small tussore, the tasar silkworm and vanya silkworm is a species of moth of the family Saturniidae found in India and Sri Lanka. The bulk of the literature on this species uses a junior synonym, Antheraea mylitta. B. Munga silk worm ⇔ Antheraea assame Antheraea assamensis, known as the muga silkworm as a larva and Assam silk moth as an adult, is a moth of the family Saturniidae. The species was first described by Johann Wilhelm Helfer in 1837. C. Eri silk worm ⇔ Sanja cynthia ricini Samia cynthia , the ailanthus silkmoth, is a saturniid moth, used to produce silk fabric but is not as domesticated as the silkworm. The eri silk worm is the only completely domesticated silkworm other than Bombyx mori . The silk is extremely durable, but cannot be easily reeled off the cocoon and is thus spun like cotton or wool. D. Mulberry silkworm ⇔ Antheraea spp is not correctly matched. Antheraea paphia , known as the South India small tussore, the tasar silkworm and vanya silkworm not mulberry silkworm.

The connecting link between glycolysis and Krebs cycle is Acetyl Co A enzyme. Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. CoA is acetylated to acetyl-CoA by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the breakdown of fatty acids through β-oxidation. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle, where the acetyl group is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, and the energy released is captured in the form of 11 ATP and one GTP per acetyl group.

A. Sesamum phyllody ⇔ Leaf hopper It is a destructive disease and it is transmitted by leafhoppers it is important to know the suitable time for cultivation of sesame and the effect of meteorological parameters on disease incidence for planning management strategies to get the optimum yield. B. Pigeonpea Sterility mosaic ⇔ Thrips, are not correctly matched. It is not transmitted by thrips. The causal agent of the disease is PPSMV, a virus with a segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, transmitted in a semi-persistent manner by an eriophyid mite Aceria cajani Channabassavanna. C. Wheat streak mosaic ⇔ Eriophyid mite Wheat streak mosaic virus is transmitted by the eriophyid mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae). Wheat is the preferred host for wheat curl mites and an excellent host for Wheat streak mosaic virus. D. Bhindi VMV ⇔ White fly Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) or okra yellow vein mosaic (OYVMV) is a viral disease caused by monopartite Begomovirus affecting okra plants. The virus is spread by whitefly.

Excreta of earth worm is Vermicasting. Vermicast (also called worm castings, worm humus, worm manure, or worm faeces) is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms. This excreta have been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients than the organic materials before vermicomposting.

The insect family whose larvae are called 'Round headed borers' is Cerambycidae. The antennal sockets are located on low tubercles on the face; other beetles with long antennae lack these tubercles, and cerambycids with short antennae still possess them. The larvae, called roundheaded borers, bore into wood, where they can cause extensive damage to either living trees or untreated lumber.

Pest which occurs regularly and in serious manner is known as Epidemic. An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period. By the early 17 th century, the terms endemic and epidemic referred to contrasting conditions of population-level disease, with the endemic condition at low rates of occurrence and the epidemic condition widespread.

The insect family whose larvae are called 'Flat headed borers' is Buprestidae. Buprestidae is a family of beetles known as jewel beetles or metallic wood-boring beetles because of their glossy iridescent colors. Larvae of this family are known as flatheaded borers. The elytra of some Buprestidae species have been traditionally used in beetlewing jewellery and decoration in certain countries in Asia, like India, Thailand and Japan.

Most serious pest of wheat is Termite. Termites damage the crop soon after sowing and sometimes near maturity. They feed on roots, the stem of growing plants, and even dead tissues of plant feeding on cellulose. The damaged plants dry up completely and are easily pulled out. The plants damaged at later stages give rise to white ears.

Degenerated ocelli of cockroach is called is Fenestra. The ocelli are paired circular areas one on each side of the eye, near the base of the antennae. Each area acts as a simple eye and is responsible for detecting light. Ocelli or fenestrae of cockroach take part in perception of light. They help the cockroaches to detect food and other objects. Fenestrae are simple eyes.

The dwelling place of termites is also known as Mound. The meaning of Mound is to enclose or fortify with a fence or a ridge of earth. It is a heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris. Mound-building termites are a group of termite species that live in mounds. The structure of the mounds can be very complicated. Inside the mound is an extensive system of tunnels and conduits that serves as a ventilation system for the underground nest.

Cell necrosis of localized areas is induced by Helicotylenchus. Helicotylenchus is a genus of nematodes in the family Hoplolaimidae. They are known generally as spiral nematodes. Helicotylenchus multicinctus causes small necrotic lesions on roots, and with heavy infestation these lesions coalesce, leading to root necrosis and die-back of roots. Plant stunting and reduction in yield. It can cause enough root necrosis that it seriously weakens the plant.

Dimethoate is Systemic insecticide. Dimethoate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It was patented and introduced in the 1950s by American Cyanamid. It is readily absorbed and distributed throughout plant tissues, and is degraded relatively rapidly. Dimethoate is a systemic and contact organophosphorus insecticide registered for use in the U.S. in 1962 and used on several field grown crops, tree crops and ornamentals.

Arborescent malphighian tubules are found in Galleria sp. The Malpighian tubule system is a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids and tardigrades. Arborescent refers to resemblance as a tree in growth or appearance. And the malphigian tubule system consists of branching tubules that resemble branches of trees extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph.

Hypermetamorphosis is observed in Mantispidae. Hypermetamorphosis is a term used mainly in entomology; it refers to a class of variants of holometabolism, that is to say, complete insect metamorphosis. In hypermetamorphosis some larval instars are functionally and morphologically distinct from each other. Hypermetamorphosis usually occurs as an adaptation of the ontogeny of certain parasitoid insects, notably in the Neuropteran family Mantispidae.

Peg-like mucron is present in Hirschmaniella sp. Hirschmanniella oryzae, i.e. rice root nematode (RRN), is among the major pests of rice and is the most common plant-parasitic nematode found on irrigated rice. The phasmids of this species are located in the posterior third of the tail, which is three to five times as long as the body width at the anus, tapering, and usually terminating in a point or mucron.

The first longitudinal wing vein is the Costal vein. The wings are strengthened by several longitudinal veins, which often have cross-connections that form closed "cells" in the membrane. The veins (and their branches) are named according to a system devised by John Comstock and George Needham the Comstock Needham system. The costa (C) is the leading marginal vein in most insects. The costa rarely ever branches because it is at the leading edge, which is associated at its base with the humeral plate.

Dengue disease (caused by a virus) is transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The primary vectors that transmit the disease are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The virus responsible for causing dengue, is called dengue virus (DENV).

Bed bug is dorsoventrally compressed insect. Bed bugs are insects from the genus Cimex that feed on blood, usually at night. These are blood-feeding parasites of humans, chickens, bats and occasionally domesticated animals. The adult bed bug is a broadly flattened, ovoid insect with greatly reduced wings. The leathery, reduced forewings are broader than they are long, with a somewhat rectangular appearance. The sides of the pronotum are covered with short, stiff hairs.

Bead like mucron is present in Helicotylnchus sp. Helicotylenchus is a genus of nematodes in the family Hoplolaimidae. They are known generally as spiral nematodes. They are among the most common parasitic nematodes of plants; found in corn, bananas, grass and soybeans. The female is wormlike and straight or spiral-shaped. The male is similar, but with a smaller anterior end.

Verticilium lecani is the white halo fungus. Vertilcillium lecani commonly called white halo fungus is found sprouting on the body of coffee green scale Coccus viridis. The fungus is known to cause epizootic when the environmental conditions are favourable. This fungus was first described in 1861. Insects are infected when they come into contact with the sticky fungal spores which then grow and invade the body, thus the internal organs are consumed, leading to their death.

A silk yarn formed by doubling two or more raw silk threads and then twisting them slightly is known as Tram. Silk throwing is the industrial process wherein silk that has been reeled into skeins, is cleaned, receives a twist and is wound onto bobbins. The yarn is now twisted together with threads, in a process known as doubling. Silk had to be thrown to make it strong enough to be used as organzine for the warp in a loom, or tram for weft. Tram was wound, thrown and doubled, organzine was wound, doubled then thrown and doubled again.

Insect used for micro bioassay studies is Housefly maggots and Mosquitoes. A bioassay is an analytical method to determine the concentration or potency of a substance by its effect on living animals or plants (in vivo), or on living cells or tissues (in vitro). Microbiological assay helps in estimating active constituents, and biological activity and in monitoring the stability of antibiotics.

Larvae of castor semi looper (Achoea janata) feed gregariously and defoliate the plants belonging to family Noctuidae. Achaea janata, the castor semi-looper or croton caterpillar, is an erebid moth, the caterpillars of which are termed 'semi-loopers' due to their mode of locomotion. Caterpillars of most Noctuidae feed on plants; some feed on poisonous plants and are unaffected by their chemical defence.

Sterile insect release method is best suited for Fruit flies. Fruit flies are reared in millions and sterilized using gamma or x-rays. The sterile males are then released twice a week in the target areas at 100000 to 300000 sterile males per square kilometre. They mate with the wild females which result in infertile eggs being laid.

Antigodu syndrome is caused due to poisoning of Arsenic.

The cockroach belonging to order Dictyoptera as typical of an Orthoptera insect has a Large anal lobe in the hind wing. Among the orthopterans, cockroaches and mantids are placed in the order Dictyoptera, although they are sometimes placed in Blattodea and Mantodea, respectively, which may be considered as separate orders or as suborders of Dictyoptera. The tegmina, or first pair of wings, are tough and protective; these lay as a shield on top of the membranous hind wings, which are used in flight. All four wings have branching longitudinal veins, as well as multiple cross-veins.

Curling of the leaf upwards and yellowing of terminal cotton shoots is characteristic symptom of presence of Cotton Aphid (Aphis gossypii). Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) illness is a major impediment to cotton production. It is caused by a genus of viruses known as Begomovirus, which is spread by whiteflies and poses a serious threat to the cotton crop. The very characteristic symptoms include leaf curling, darkened veins, vein swelling, and enations that frequently develop into cup-shaped, leaf-like structures on the undersides of leaves.

Fish fly belongs to Megaloptera order. Megaloptera is an order of insects. It contains the alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies, and there are about 300 known species. Flying fish live in all the oceans, particularly in tropical and warm subtropical waters. Fully broadened neural arches act as more stable and sturdier sites for these connections, creating a strong link between the vertebral column and cranium.

Pterostigma is a character of the order Odonata. The pterostigma is a group of specialized cells in the outer wings of insects, which are often thickened or coloured, and thus stand out from other cells. The pterostigma, a heavier section of the wing than nearby sections, assists in gliding. Without the pterostigmata, self-exciting vibrations known as flutter would set in on the wing above a certain critical speed, making gliding impossible.

Chewing and cutting types of mouth parts are found in Army worms. The fall armyworm is a species in the order Lepidoptera and one of the species of the fall armyworm moths distinguished by their larval life stage. It is regarded as a pest and can damage and destroy a wide variety of crops, which causes large economic damage. This is the most destructive life stage as the larvae have biting mouthparts.

Quarantine law was initiated in 1912. The Plant Quarantine Act, originally enacted in 1912, gave the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) authority to regulate the importation and interstate movement of nursery stock and other plants that may carry pests and diseases that are harmful to agriculture. This authority is particularly important to the agency’s ability to prevent or limit the spread of harmful invasive species within or to a state or region of the United States.

A substance released by a non-living material that is favourable to a receiving organism but detrimental to an organism of another species that is found in or on the non-living material is known as Aneumone.

The completely parasitic order is Strepsiptera. The Strepsiptera are an order of insects with eleven extant families that include about 600 described species. They are endoparasites in other insects, such as bees, wasps, leafhoppers, silverfish, and cockroaches. Females of most species never emerge from the host after entering its body, finally dying inside it.

The bollworm which covers the opening once it enters into the boll is Pink boll worm. The pink bollworm is an insect known for being a pest in cotton farming. The adult is a small, thin, gray moth with fringed wings. The larva is a dull white caterpillar with eight pairs of legs with conspicuous pink banding along its dorsum. The larva reaches one half inch in length. Since cotton is used for both fiber and seed oil, the damage is twofold. Their disruption of the protective tissue around the boll is a portal of entry for other insects and fungi.

The main host tree of silkworms is Mulberry. The domestic silk moth is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silk moth. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk. A silkworm's preferred food is white mulberry leaves, though they may eat another mulberry.

The inhibitor of sclerotization is MON-0585, α-methyl DOPA, and Dihydroxy Phenyl alanine Decarboxylase (DDC). Sclerotization is the process of cuticular hardening which typically occurs within a few hours after each moult, due to the formation of cross-links between catecholamines or other phenolics and the protein and chitin fibrillar components of the cuticular matrix. α-methyl-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and substituted phenols are suicide substrates for special enzymes here. Cyromazine was discovered by Hall and Foehse (1980) and has good activity on Diptera and Lepidoptera.