Horticulture — Part 2 MCQs with Explanations

September is the variety of Cabbage. It is a mid-season variety mostly grown in Nilgiris, head is compact, flat-oblong with bluish-green foliage, weighing 4 - 6 kg. Harvested within 105 - 110 days after transplanting. It is susceptible to black rot disease. The average yield is 40 - 50 t/ha. This variety can be kept in the field after they are ready for harvest and do not show cracking.

All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project (AICVIP) was started in 1970 - 71 and under this, India is divided into 8 operational zones. The headquarter of the project was at the Division of vegetable Science, ICAR, New Delhi. It aims to provide a national network for multi-location testing of vegetable technologies developed by various research institutes and state agricultural universities.

The first variety of Hybrid Teas (H. T.) class of rose is La France developed in France in the year 1867. It was originally developed by crossing between hybrid perpetuals and Tea roses. It is the most popular rose bearing large highly centered flowers. Hybrid teas are the largest and most popular group of roses, due to their elegant form and a large variety of colours. Their flowers are usually borne singly at the end of the long stems which makes them very popular as cut flowers.

The most serious disease of the vegetable seedling is Damping off . It is a soil-borne fungal disease caused by Rhizoctonia, Fusarium or phytophthora, etc. It negatively affects the vegetables and flowers in your garden, primarily targeting seeds and new seedlings. Damping-off refers to the rotting of stem and root tissues at and below the soil line. In most cases, infected plants will germinate and come up fine, but within a few days, they become water-soaked, mushy, collapse at the base and die.

Granulation can be reduced by the spraying of Lead arsenate in dilution of 200 - 500 ppm. Granulation is drying up, becoming hard with greyish colour and enlargement of the juice vesicles with an increase in pectin, lignin, etc. resulting in a reduction of the juice content. It is a common physiological disorder of postharvest citrus fruit. It results in the rapid deterioration of sugars and organic acids of fruit, disordered juice sacs become hard and even lose their edible value. Thus, granulation was emerging as a heavy threat to the citrus industry development.

Tip-top variety is related to Tomato . Tip Top is shaped like a spinning top. They are medium-sized plum-shaped tomatoes and are pretty much determined with limited production after the main flush of fruit. It takes 70 - 80 days to mature. The fruits are tasty and not dry. The walls are pulpy and great for salads, salsas and canning.

Citrus exanthema is caused by a deficiency of Copper. The disease is usually attributed to malnutrition and is not infectious. The dropping, blemishing, and cracking of fruit form one of the most common symptoms of exanthema disease in fruit. Brown glossy areas occur particularly on side of the fruit. The surface shows small dots of gum. Cracking is common. The fruit is undersized and often a pale yellow. It can be treated with a copper treatment.

Asafoetida is harvested by Tapping . The hing is in the form of dried latex gum, which is discharged from the herb called Rhizome or ferula of several tap roots, the herb named perennial herb grows at a height of 1 to 1.5 in length. The gum resin is obtained from incisions in the roots and rhizomes of the plants. The roots of the plants are exposed to the surface by cutting the plants very close to the roots which then secrets a milky juice from the cut area. The substance hardens when exposed to air and is extracted by the tapping method.

Meristem is the portion of the plant that is considered to be free from viruses. The apical and axillary meristems of plants are the best parts to make virus-free plants because of their high rate of multiplication and division which means the growth of meristems are much faster than the viral multiplication and virus are unable to invade the newly formed cells.

An example of a Biennial vegetable is Carrot . Biennials are such plants that require two years to complete their life cycle. First-year growth results in a small rosette of leaves near the soil surface. During the second year of growth stem elongation, flowering, and seed formation occur followed by the entire plant's death. In carrots, swollen roots are produced in the year of sowing and are harvested, stored and consumed. To produce seeds, the roots must be left and after vernalizing, the plants that flower in the following year. The plant produces a tall stem with many branches bearing seeds.

Pusa Srijan is a rootstock of Guava released in 2004. It is a potentially dwarf rootstock for guava and has been recommended for the Allahabad Safeda variety for establishing a high-density orchard. A complete set of trisomics was identified in the progeny of triploid guava for the first time in fruit crops. It has helped in the development of trisomics and tetrasomics in guava. It is proven to have filed tolerance to wilt.

Almost Gynoecious variety of coconut is Spicata . Gynoecious varieties are special hybrids that produce predominantly female flowers. Palms that contain morphologically different inflorescences are referred to as spicata coconut. These are branchless inflorescence with an abnormally large number of female flowers, most of them developed into mature fruits due to a low setting percentage,125 female flowers per bunch from which only 4.5 mature fruits were produced on average. Oil productivity of this variety was estimated to be 10 - 15 kg per year.

The harvesting stage of walnut is the PTB stage. PTB here refers to packing tissue between and around the kernel halves just turning brown. And it is a phonological indicator of kernel ripening at harvest in walnuts. Higher mineral content, antioxidant, better fatty acid profile and antibacterial activity is observed in the PTB stage, hence it is considered good for harvesting.

A rapid removal of field heat from harvested produce is called Pre-cooling . It is done to slow down the metabolism and reduce deterioration before transport or storage. Because temperature is one of the most important factors that affect the post-harvest life and quality of fruits and vegetables. It should be removed from commodities as quickly as possible after harvest & maintained at its lowest safe temperature.

Arka Aruna, Arka Puneet and Arka Anmol are varieties of mango whereas Arka Hans is not a variety of mango, it is a hybrid variety of grapes developed by the cross between Bangalore Blue and Anab-e-Shahi. Arka Aruna is a hybrid between Banganapalli and Alphonso. it is dwarf, regular bearing and precocious. Arka Puneet is the progeny from the cross Alphonso and Banganapalli. It is a mid-season variety. Arka Anmol is derived from the parentage Alphonso and Janardhan pasand. It is a semi-vigorous type, regular bearing.

The minimum content of juice in an RTS beverage as per FPO recommendations is 10%. RTS is Ready to Serve drink and this is a type of fruit beverage that contains at least 10% fruit juice (for lime drink 5% juice) and not less than 10% total soluble solids. The acidity in these drinks shall not exceed 3.5% citric acid. The RTS beverage was prepared by using freshly prepared juices, water, and sugar as per FPO specifications. FPO is a farmer produce organization to ensure better income for the producers through an organization of their own.

Ricyness, fuzziness, hollow stem, leafyness and pinking are physiological disorders of cauliflower. Ricyness is the velvety or granular appearance on the surface of the curd mainly due to temperature fluctuations. Hollowness is caused by boron deficiency and a higher supply of nitrogen. It can be controlled by spraying borax. Fuzziness is the phenomenon when the flower pedicels become velvety and curd elongates. The cultivation of the cultivars out of their normal growing season encourages this disorder. Leafiness is the disorder in which the formation of small thin leaves from the curd reduces the quality of curd occurs. This purple-pink colour in cauliflower is caused by the presence of anthocyanin, which is exacerbated by sun exposure and termed a pinking disorder in cauliflower.

The term used for a pruning system wherein low-hanging branches are removed is Skirting . It affects canopy temperature, relative humidity, fruit yield and quality also. It facilitates the operations such as fertilizer application and controlling weeds. It should be done as soon after harvest as possible.

Apple crop flowers during March - April . Apple blossoms typically bloom anywhere from early spring to late summer. Apple trees (Malus domestica) provide fragrant blossoms in the spring, light shade through the summer and tasty fruit in fall. The buds that will become your fruit begin to appear after the apple tree flowers.

Santa rosa is a popular variety of Plum . It is a Japanese variety of medium-sized fruit with sweet and red fleshed pulp and deep red skin. It is named after its birthplace and was bred in 1906 by Luther Burbank in his Santa Rosa plant research centre. It is complemented by a hint of tartness in the skin, which serves to balance out the sugars for a perfect blend of flavor. This Japanese plum variety makes a stunning ornamental tree with its showy, pinkish white blossoms in the spring.

In this classification, all the vegetable crops requiring similar cultural requirements are grouped. This method of classification is of much practical value for farmers and students of Olericulture. Based on culture is the most convenient method of classification of vegetables and these are: Cole crops, leafy vegetables, salad vegetables, Root vegetables, cucurbit crops, solanaceous crops, pea and beans (Pod vegetables), bulb vegetables, perennial vegetables and tuber vegetables.

Papaya is the most susceptible fruit crop to water logging. It is highly susceptible to waterlogging, even 2.5 cm of water standing around the tree for a few hours is likely to kill the plants. Papaya can grow on a variety of soils, yet the best soil is deep, rich, alluvial soil on the banks and deltas of rivers in India. The most important requirement for successful papaya cultivation is that the soil should have good drainage and be properly prepared before planting.

The preservative used in the canning of mango pulp is Potassium metabisulphate . Mango pulp was preserved with the addition of potassium sorbate (PS), sodium benzoate (SB) and citric acid in combination while potassium metabisulphite (KMS) is used alone. Mango should be packed relatively tightly in the jars because the fruit will shrink in the canner during processing.

The edible portion of Elephant Foot Yam is a Modified stem , much of the elephant foot yam can be eaten. When the leaves of the plant wither and die, the corm or tuber can be dug up and eaten. It is a remunerative and profitable stem tuber crop. Elephant foot yam is a tropical tuber crop and can be raised as a cash crop. The crop is gaining popularity due to its shade tolerance, easiness in cultivation, high productivity and less incidence of pests and diseases.

Bajrang and Swarna are the cultivars of Cabbage. Bajrang: heads are dark green, smooth, highly compact, outer leaves are upright, mature in 65 days but can stand on the field for 45 days after maturity, and tolerate high temperatures up to 36 degrees Celcius. It is resistant to Fusarium wilt. Swarna: the head is round, head weight 3 kg, strong smooth outer leaves, matures in 110 days.

Tag colour of the foundation seed is White, which means a white colour certificate is issued for the foundation seed by seed certification agencies. Foundation seed stocks grew by or under the supervision of a public agency for use in the production of registered and certified seeds. And the tag is the assurance that the seeds were analyzed and went through laboratory procedures for certification.

Knol khol comes under the Brassica family of vegetables. It is rich in antioxidants and is a good source of dietary fiber. The edible part of knol-khol is the swollen stem . It is a greenish-white-colored big and round vegetable, similar to cabbage, although it does not have leaves covering it. There are long light green coloured extrusions. Which come out as its shoots.

AGMARK (Grading and Marketing) act was passed in the 1937 year. AGMARK is a certification mark employed on agricultural products in India, assuring that they conform to a set of standards approved by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection. The term AGMARK was coined by joining the words 'Ag' for agriculture and 'mark' for a certification mark. The head office is situated in Faridabad, Haryana. The present AGMARK standards cover quality guidelines for 224 different commodities spanning a variety of pulses, cereals, essential oils, vegetable oils, fruits and vegetables and semi-processed products like vermicelli.

Granulation is drying up, becoming hard with greyish colour and enlargement of the juice vesicles with an increase in pectin, lignin, etc. resulting in a reduction of the juice content. It is a common physiological disorder of postharvest citrus fruit . It results in the rapid deterioration of sugars and organic acids of fruit, disordered juice sacs become hard and even lose their edible value. Thus, granulation was emerging as a heavy threat to the citrus industry development.

All the given options are Mango, Banana, Bael, Jackfruit, Aonla, Phalsa, etc. are indigenous fruits to India. These fruits are locally produced, socially and culturally accepted as local foods and eaten by previous generations or introduced for a very long time. Indigenous foods are plant and animal-based foods that are naturally existing and produced in specific locations and consumed as part of traditional diets.

Sodium benzoate is added for the preservation of fruit juice in the concentration of 0.06 - 0.10%. Sodium benzoate and vitamin C can occur together in beverages such as fruit juice or soda, where these substances have been added to prevent spoilage and inhibit the growth of bacteria, moulds and yeast.

The upper stem of a banana is called Pseudostem . The pseudostem is the part of the banana plant that looks like a trunk. It is formed by tightly packed overlapping leaf sheaths. The pseudostem is very fleshy and consists mostly of water, it is quite sturdy and can support a bunch that weighs 50 kg or more.

French Breakfast, Pusa Chetki, Arka Nishant and Bombay Red are the varieties of Radish . The radish is an edible root vegetable of the family Brassicaceae that was domesticated in Asia. As these are easy to grow and quick to harvest, radishes are often planted by novice gardeners. Pusa Chetki is developed by IARI, New Delhi through selection from the germplasm of Denmark.

Arka Pink star is a variety of Chrysanthemum . It is the flowering plant of the genus chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. Flowers are semi-double with pink colour, yield 135.26 flowers/plant. It is a dwarf with an early flowering character.

Rosette formation is due to the deficiency of Zinc . A rosette formation characterized many small papery pointed tip leaves emerging from a reduced internodal distance. The other zinc deficiency symptoms are uniformly distributed interveinal chlorotic spots all along both sides of leaf margins, marginally small leaves with interveinal chlorotic spots and sharp pointed tip leaves with interveinal chlorosis with marginally reduced leaf size.

Fire blight of pear is caused by Bacteria . Fire blight is a common and very destructive bacterial disease of apples and pears. The disease is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora , which can infect and cause severe damage to many plants. The disease can kill blossoms, fruit, shoots, twigs, branches and entire trees.

Harvesting of latex from opium capsules is called Lancing . The lancing operation is performed by skilled labor (an average of 6 persons to a plot), usually on bright sunny days between noon and 4 p.m. The hottest part of the day is chosen, since the pellicle is said to form on the surface of the freshly exuded latex due to the hot sun, resulting in a greater degree of evaporation and quicker thickening. This also helps prevent the latex from falling off the capsule. The lancing operation is started at the edge of the field and the person works backward to avoid contact with the exuding latex.

Auxanometer is the combination of two words i.e. ‘ Auxain ’ means to grow and ‘ metron ’ means to measure. Thus an auxanometer is an apparatus for measuring the increase of growth in plants. The "rate of growth" is a derived measurement obtained by dividing the length of growth measured by the auxanometer, by the time said measurement took. It is also called an arc indicator.

Potassium metabisulphite is also known as potassium pyrosulphite, it is a white crystalline powder with the chemical formula K 2 S 2 O 5 . It can be prepared by treating a solution of potassium hydroxide with sulphur dioxide. It is mainly used as an antioxidant or chemical sterilant, a food additive

The richest source of mineral Selenium is Brazil nuts . Protein foods from animals are generally good sources of selenium. Seafood, organ meats, Brazil nuts. Brazil nuts are the foods highest in selenium although Americans obtain most of their selenium from everyday staples, like bread, cereals, poultry, red meat and eggs.