First Aid & Emergency Medical Care — Part 1 MCQs with Explanations

Toxicity occurs when the drug exceeds the therapeutic range . Excess dose overwhelms the body’ s metabolic capacity . Leads to organ damage or severe side effects . Risk increases with self-medication or overdose . Proper dosing prevents drug toxicity . Last updated question01 March 2026

IV route delivers the drug directly into the bloodstream . There is no absorption barrier . Produces an immediate effect . Bioavailability i s 100% . Used in emergencies requiring rapid action. Last updated question01 March 2026

APGAR is a r a pid assessment tool for newborns. It is done at 1 and 5 minutes after birth . Each letter represents a vital sign or reflex . Each parameter is scored 0–2 . The total score assesses newborn’s adaptation to life outside the uterus . Last updated question01 March 2026

T.D.S comes from Latin “ ter die sumendum.” It means three times daily . Commonly used in medical prescriptions . Indicates regular dosing during the day. Helps maintain therapeutic drug levels . Last updated question01 March 2026

Dettol contains chloroxylenol a s its active ingredient. Chloroxylenols are phenolic derivatives . They are effective antiseptics and disinfectants . Used to kill bacteria and some viruses . Hence, Dettol and Osyle belong to chloroxylenols . Last updated question01 March 2026

Burns cause extensive tissue damage . Protein is required for tissue repair and wound healing . Burn patients have increased protein breakdown . Adequate protein prevents muscle wasting . High-protein diet improves recovery and immunity . Last updated question01 March 2026

Patient history includes subjective information from the patient. Chief complaint is a core part of history. Drug reaction history is essential fo r patient safety . Socioeconomic history affects health and treatment compliance . Percussion is part of physical examination , not history taking. Last updated question01 March 2026

It occurs unexpectedly . Requires immediate action . Delay can cause s erious injury or death . Needs prompt medical or rescue response . The term “emergency” fit s all these criteria . Last updated question01 March 2026

ALS includes advanced airway management . It involves IV drug administration . Requires cardiac monitoring and defibrillation . Needs specialized medical training . EMT Intermediates & Paramedics are certified for ALS . Last updated question01 March 2026

Rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody . Autoantibodies circulate in the bloodstream . RA factor is detected using serological tests . Blood testing is non-invasive and standard . It helps in diagnosis and monitoring o f rheumatoid arthritis. Last updated question01 March 2026

Morphine is a n opioid drug . Pinpoint pupils + unconsciousness indicate opioid toxicity . Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist . It reverses respiratory depression caused by opioids. It acts rapidly and s pecifically against morphine Last updated question01 March 2026

Definition: Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart per minute. Formula: Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume. Physiological role: It determines how much oxygen and nutrients are delivered to body tissues. Effect of activity: Cardiac output increases d uring exercise or sympathetic stimulation. Clinical importance: Reduced cardiac output can lead to shock, dizziness, and organ dysfunction.

A bandage can hold a dressing, apply pressure to control bleeding, and support an injured limb. Last updated question01 March 2026

In respiratory arrest, immediate ventilation and oxygen delivery are lifesaving priorities. Last updated question01 March 2026

The patient’s own description is the most accurate and reliable source whenever possible. Last updated question01 March 2026

Oxygen delivery devices (e.g., nasal cannula, face mask) increase oxygen levels in the blood . Used in patients with hypoxia, respiratory distress, or low oxygen saturation . Not used to measure blood pressure, suction airways, or give IV fluids. Helps maintain adequate tissue oxygenation i n emergencies or chronic conditions. Proper use improves patient safety and surviva l during respiratory compromise. Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Spinal injuries are highly vulnerable – movement can cause paralysis or permanent damage . The primary goal is to stabilize and immobilize the spine at the scene. Rapid transport, pain relief, and surgical consultation are important, but secondary priorities . Immobilization can be done using cervical collars, spinal boards, and careful handling . Preventing further injury ensures better outcomes and reduces complications. Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Rescue is dangerous , and rescuers must avoid injury. If rescuers are harmed, they cannot help victims . Preserving or securing the scene is important, but secondary to personnel safety. Speed is important bu t not at the cost of rescuer safety . Ensuring rescuer safety allows effective and safe rescue operations Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Hospitals use color codes to communicate emergencies quickly . Code Red universally indicates fire in the hospital. Do not resuscitate orders have different codes, not Red. Patient elopement or fall risk has separate codes (often Yellow or Blue). Quick recognition of Code Red enables a rapid response . Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Age affects metabolism and drug clearance – infants and elderly may need dose adjustments. Body weight determines dose per kg for many medications. Renal and hepatic function affects drug metabolism and excretion . Ignoring these factors can caus e toxicity or ineffective therapy . Therefore, all these factors significantly influence dosing . Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Adult CPR requires compressions on the center of the chest to effectively pump blood. The lower half of the sternum avoid s injury to the xiphoid process . Compressions over the upper sternum or xiphoid can cause rib or organ injury . Correct hand placement ensures efficient circulation to the heart and brain . The left side of the chest is incorrect; compressions must be midline, over the sternum . Last updated question 28 feb 2026

A first aider’s role is to provide immediate, basic care until professional help arrives. Managing airway, controlling bleeding, an d performing CPR are within the scope of first aid. Administering prescription medications requires medical training and authorization . Doing s o can cause harm or legal issues . Therefore, a first aider should not give p rescription drugs without proper authorization . Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Artificial respiration (rescue breathing) is used when a person stops breathing but may still have a heartbeat. Drowning → water in lungs prevents oxygen intake → rescue breathing needed. Suffocation or gas poisoning → oxygen supply blocked → artificial respiration restores oxygen. Cardiac arrest → often combined with CPR (compressions + rescue breaths) . In all these cases, rescue breathing provides oxygen to the lungs and vital organs until normal breathing resumes. Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Empathy is the ability to recognize, understand, and share the emotions of others . It is a key component of emotional intelligence that a llows effective interpersonal relationships . Self-regulation refers to managing one’s own emotions . Social skills involve interacting and communicating effectively . Social awareness includes understanding social norms and situations, but empathy specifically focuses on others’ feelings . Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Gastric lavage involves flushing the stomach with fluid, usually via a tube. It is performed to remove ingested poisons o r toxins before they are absorbed. It can also be used to relieve severe gastric distension in certain medical conditions. Sometimes, it is part of preoperative preparation , but that is secondary . Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Sterile dressing provides a barrier against bacteria and contaminants . Keeps the wound clean and promotes healing . Roller bandage alone may hold a dressin g in place but is not sterile by itself. Tissue paper or any available cloth are not sterile and may introduce infection. Wound protection requires both sterility and coverage , so a sterile dressing is essential Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Specific phobias involve intense fear directly tied to a spe cific object or situation (e.g., spiders, heights). Panic disorder involves unexpected, recurrent panic attacks t hat can occur without an identifiable trigger . Both can share physical symptoms (e.g., palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath), so symptoms are not entirely different . Both can cause significant anxiety and functional impairment ; phobias are not anxiety-free. The key distinction: phobias have i dentifiable triggers, panic attacks may not . Last updated question 28 feb 2026

In orthopedic care, devices used for immobilization to support, stabilize, or restrict movement of bones and joints include: Splints – Temporary support for fractures or injuries. Traction systems – Used to align bones and reduce fractures by applying a pulling force. Braces – Provide support and limit movement in chronic conditions or after injuries. Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Funding is important for implementation but i s not a primary epidemiological criterion . Screening effectiveness depends on disease characteristics, not who pays for it. Primary criteria for an effective disease screening program include: High prevalence in the target population – screening is more useful when the disease is relatively common. Effective early treatment available – early detection should improve outcomes. Significant health consequences – the disease should have serious impact if not detected early. Last updated question 28 feb 2026

When controlling severe external bleeding , the first and most important step is to apply direct pressure on the wound using a sterile dressing. This helps immediately slow or stop the bleeding. Other steps follow after direct pressure if bleeding continues: Check distal pulses – to ensure blood flow is not compromised. Apply a tourniquet – only if direct pressure fails and bleeding is life-threatening. Evaluate the extremity – for injuries, but not before stopping major bleeding. Last updated question 28 feb 2026

No one should touch the patient while the AED analyzes the heart rhythm or delivers a shock. Touching can interfere with analysis or cause injury . The patient should not be on a wet surface ; the chest should b e dry to prevent electrical conduction to others. Chest compressions should pause during analysis and shock , not continue. Avoid conducting surfaces; being on metal is unsafe. Last updated question 28 feb 2026

For acute tissue injuries such as sprains and strains , cryotherapy (cold application) is recommended during the first 24–48 hours . Cold therapy: Reduces swelling and inflammation Decreases pain Limits tissue damage Less effective than heat initially → heat is avoided early Only useful for pain relief → also reduces swelling and inflammation Contraindicated for burns → this option is irrelevant to sprains Last updated question 28 feb 2026

A Class C fire involve s energized electrical equipment . The extinguisher used must not conduct electricity . Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) → safe for electrical fires, leaves no residue Dry Powder → non-conductive and effective on electrical fires Water based → conducts electricity (dangerous) Wet chemical → used mainly for Class K (kitchen) fires Foam based → may conduct electricity Last updated question 28 feb 2026

The aims of first aid are to: - Preserve life - Prevent further injury - Promote recovery - Relieve pain - Arrange early transport to medical facility Treating on spot immediately is not always the goal—especiall y if the situation is unstable or professional care is required. The focus is on stabilizing th e patient until expert help is available.

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) is the emergency procedure that combines: - Artificial circulation (chest compressions) - Artificial ventilation (rescue breaths) It is used to maintain blood flow and oxygenation in a person who has gone into cardiac arrest.

Wash with clean water thoroughly. The immediate first aid for chemical splash in the eye is: - Irrigate the eye with clean, running water for at least 15–20 minutes. - This helps to flush out the chemical and minimize damage.

Placing a head injury patient with the head side down can increase intracranial pressure, which is dangerous. Correct first aid steps for suspected head injury: - Secure the airway (B) - Roll to side only if vomiting or airway compromise is suspected (A) - Keep head slightly elevated (D) to reduce intracranial pressure and improve venous return

The most effective immediate first aid for burns is to cool the burn with running water (preferably cool, not ice-cold) for at least 10-20 minutes. This helps: - Reduce skin temperature - Prevent burn progression - Relieve pain

The first aid for epistaxis (nosebleed) includes: - Sitting upright and leaning slightly forward - Pinching the soft part of the nose for 5–10 minutes - Applying a cold compress on the nose or forehead may help, but pinching t he nose is the most effective method to stop bleeding.

In cases of trauma or suspected spinal injury, the jaw thrust maneuver is the preferred method to open the airway without moving the neck, as neck movement could worsen a cervical spine injury. - A. Neck extension — Risky in trauma, may cause spinal damage - B. Neck flexion — Not used to open the airway - C. Chin lift — Used when no spinal injury is suspected - D. Jaw thrust — Safest and recommended in trauma cases with possible neck injury