First Aid & Emergency Medical Care — Part 2 MCQs with Explanations

During adult CPR, effective chest compressions should depress the chest by at least 2 inches (5 cm) but not more than 2.4 inches (6 cm). This depth helps maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs. - A. 1 inch — Too shallow for effective circulation. - C & D. 3 or 4 inches — Too deep and may cause injury.

In case of severe bright red bleeding (which suggests arterial bleeding), the most important first aid step is to apply direct pressure to the wound using any clean cloth or dressing. This helps control bleeding until medical help is available. Other options: - B. Rinsing is for minor wounds, not active arterial bleeding . - C. Ice may help reduce bleeding but is not a substitute for direct pressure. - D. Hanging the hand down increases bleeding due to gravity and must be avoided.

In any suspected cervical spine injury (especially in unconscious trauma patients), the neck must be immobilized immediately to prevent spinal cord damage. Do not move, flex, or extend the neck until proper evaluation (e.g. imaging) rules out injury. Key First Aid Principle: Stabilize the cervical spine and maintain airway with jaw-thrust maneuver if needed — not head-tilt/chin-lift, which can worsen spinal injuries.

Important Parameter in Fracture/Dislocation: - While swelling, pain, and movement are important, the most critical parameter is checking distal pulses to assess blood circulation beyond the injury site

Hand Placement During CPR: - For effective chest compressions, hands should be placed in the center of the chest, specifically on the lower half of the sternum, between the nipples.

According to American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines, for adults and children (single rescuer), the correct CPR ratio is 30 compressions to 2 breaths.

For a choking child (age 1 to 8 years), the recommended first aid is to perform back blows to help dislodge the obstruction. Finger sweeping (C) is not advised unless you can see the object clearly. Mouth to mouth breathing (A) and cardiac compressions (B) are part of CPR, not the immediate step for choking.

For suspected fractures without external wounds, the best immediate first aid is to immobilize the injured limb (apply support or splint) to prevent further injury and reduce pain, then p romptly refer the patient to an orthopedic specialist for definitive management. Painkillers alone or applying heat pads are not appropriate first aid measures in acute trauma cases . Treating the fracture fully at primary care is not advised without specialist input.

The most helpful first aid measure for a snakebite is to Position the patient with wound area below the level of heart This action helps to slow the spread of the venom through the bloodstream to vital organs. The patient should remain calm and still, and the affected limb should be kept immobilized at or below heart level while waiting for medical professionals to arrive

Raise the head of patient (Correct answer — raising the head is NOT recommended in shock) In shock, the legs should be raised to improve blood flow to vital organs, and the airway should be kept open . Raising the head can worsen blood flow and is not advised.

Splint in injured deformed position without manipulation (Correct answer — injured limb should be realigned gently unless grossly deformed) Generally, a splint should immobilize the limb in the position of function, and severe deformities should be aligned gently only by trained personnel. Leaving gross deformity untreated can cause complications.

To provide definitive treatment First aid management of fracture/dislocation aims to prevent further injury, provide stability, and relieve pain , but definitive treatment should be done by medical professionals later.

Always apply tight hard splints This statement is FALSE because splints should not be applied too tig htly; they must be firm but not restrict circulation. Tight splints can cause further injury or compromise blood flow.

In basic life support (BLS), the pulse should be checked for 5 to 10 seconds to quickly assess cardiovascular status.

Third-degree burns (full-thickness burns) are characterized by charred, leathery skin and loss of sensation due to nerve damage. Pain may be absent in the burned area.

C is incorrect because joints and muscles should be splinted in a functional position, not in full extension, to prevent further injury or discomfort. Good splinting technique includes: - A. Soft padding at pressure points — Prevents pressure sores . - B. Firm support — To immobilize the injury effectively. - D. Exposing distal part — To monitor circulation (color, warmth, pulse).

The best first aid for a chemical burn is to immediately flush the affected area with plenty of clean, running water for at least 10–20 minutes to remove the chemical and reduce damage. Covering the hand, applying cream, or rushing to hospital should come after initial flushing.

In a trauma patient experiencing shock, the common features include: - Pink color of skin — NOT a feature of shock. In shock, the skin is typically pale, cold, or bluish due to poor circulation. - Cold skin — Due to vasoconstriction - Cold sweating — A response to stress and low perfusion - Low blood pressure — A hallmark of shock

A visible bump alone is common and not always alarming, especially in minor head injuries. - Drowsiness, severe headache, and vomiting can be signs of increased intracranial pressure or serious brain injury, which are alarming and need urgent evaluation.

You do NOT stop CPR just because there’s no return of pulse/respiration after 10 minutes —continued efforts may still be successful unless there’s a clear indication to stop. Valid reasons to stop CPR include: - Another medical team takes over (A) - Signs of death are confirmed, like rigor mortis or decapitation (C) - A valid DNR is presented (D)

I n a closed-room fire, unconscious victims with no visible burns likely suffer from smoke inhalation or carbon monoxide poisoning. The first and most critical step is to move them to fresh air to restore oxygen supply and prevent further hypoxia. Other steps (like CPR) may follow if breathing or pulse is absent, but removing from the toxic environment is priority.

In case of a stampede, vulnerable pilgrims should stand by a wall with hands clasped together to protect the chest and maintain balance, reducing the risk of injury, as advised in Hajj Mission safety guidelines.

Lugol’s iodine reduces thyroid gland vascularity preoperatively, making thyroid surgery safer

Thalidomide is highly teratogenic, causing severe li mb defects if taken during pregnancy.

Statins can be safely used in patients with mild chronic liver disease (e.g., NAFLD) , but liver function should be monitored regularly. They are not contraindicated unless liver e nzymes are significantly elevated

The term used for initial medical assistance is First Aid. First Aid techniques include: Dressing : Applying a dressing to a wound to protect it from further injury and infection Bandage : Applying a bandage to hold a dressing in place or to provide support to a injured limb Transport technique : Moving a person safely and comfortably to a medical facility, using techniques such as the log roll or lift and carry. Last question by NA on 26 April 2026

The first step in managing a soft tissue injury is to stop the activity immediately to prevent further damage. After that, applying a compression bandage and seeking medical advice may follow as needed.

When inserted into the chest cavity, a chest tube can drain accumulated blood (hemothorax) or air (pneumothorax) , allowing the collapsed lung to re-inflate and stabilize the patient's breathing.

if you suspect a neck injury, you should never tilt the patient's head backward as this could further damage the spinal cord and worsen the injury; instead, keep the head and neck in a neutral position and seek immediate medical attention.

Epinephrine can be administered IV or IO as needed. Another route of administration is through an endotracheal tube, commonly used in neonatal resuscitation. Adrenaline and epinephrine are the same hormone and medication. It's produced in the adrenal glands and is part of the body's fight-or-flight response

Hypoxia occurs when oxygen is insufficient at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis, stemming from various causes such as hypoventilation.

The symptoms of numbness , tingling, weakness, or burning sensation and painful movement of the arms or legs are most likely indicative of Spinal Injuries. These symptoms are classic signs of nerve damage , which can occur due to a spinal cord injury affecting the nerves that transmit sensation to the arms and legs

When handling an amputated part, the goal is to keep it cool to preserve tissue viability, But avoid freezing it as that can cause further damage to the tissue and reduce the chance of successful reattachment.

If bleeding starts from a wound, you should apply direct pressure to the wound using a clean cloth or gauze pad until the bleeding stops, and then use a roller bandage to hold the dressing in place and maintain pressure on the wound

A cut in the skin with jagged edges that's caused by a forceful tearing of skin tissue is called a laceration. Lacerations are a type of wound that can be deep and often involve significant bleeding. Causes Lacerations are caused by blunt trauma to the body. They can involve the skin, mucous membranes, and deepe r body structures. Lacerations can be contaminated with bacteria and debris from whatever object caused the cut.

A dressing is primarily used to: Control bleeding by applying pressure. Cover the wound to prevent contamination and infection. Options B (Close airway) and C (Stop body fluid flow) are incorrect

Definition: An open wound is any injury that breaks the skin surface, exposing the underlying tissue . Examples: Cuts, lacerations, abrasions, punctures Risk of infection: The primary concern with an open wound is the potential for bacterial infection due to the exposed tissue.

The recovery position is used for an unconscious person who is breathing normally. It helps maintain an open airway and prevents obstruction. It ensuring their safety until medical help arrives.

If a diabetic patient experiences hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) , it's helpful to provide them with sugary drink or food to quickly raise their blood sugar levels. This can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications associated with low blood sugar.

When taking blood pressure, the cuff should be inflated to a point approximately 30 mmHg above the point where the radial pulse disappears; T his means inflating the cuff until you can no longer feel the pulse at the wrist , then adding another 30 mmHg of pressure.