Nursing & Patient Care — Past Papers — Part 2 MCQs with Explanations

A healthy new stoma is generally pink to red and moist. Dusky, pale, or black discoloration may indicate impaired perfusion.

Adrenergic symptoms such as sweating, tremor, palpitations, and hunger commonly occur during hypoglycemia.

Digoxin can slow cardiac conduction and cause toxicity. Assessment of the apical pulse and other relevant parameters is important before administration.

Fluid balance monitoring and appropriate oral or intravenous replacement help prevent dehydration and electrolyte disturbances.

Glycated hemoglobin reflects average blood glucose exposure over approximately the preceding two to three months.

Suspected meningitis requires urgent assessment and appropriate infection-control precautions according to the suspected organism and local protocol.

Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened organisms capable of stimulating active immunity; their use depends on the vaccine and patient factors.

Fluid overload can cause peripheral edema, pulmonary crackles, dyspnea, and rapid weight gain.

Sudden facial weakness and speech difficulty are classic stroke warning signs. Rapid recognition and urgent stroke evaluation are essential.

Aseptic technique prevents contamination and improves the accuracy of microbiological testing.

Orthopnea is commonly associated with pulmonary congestion from worsening left-sided heart failure.

Fall prevention includes risk assessment, adequate lighting, accessible call systems, appropriate footwear, and environmental safety.

Nephritic syndrome commonly involves glomerular inflammation, hematuria, hypertension, reduced renal function, and variable proteinuria.

Prolonged vomiting can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and aspiration; hydration and electrolyte status should be monitored.

Anaphylaxis can rapidly cause airway edema, bronchospasm, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse and requires emergency treatment.

During a seizure, protect the patient from injury, maintain airway safety, and do not force objects into the mouth or restrain movements.

Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity commonly causes fatigue, weakness, pallor, dizziness, and exertional dyspnea.

Neck swelling can threaten the airway, while accidental parathyroid injury can cause hypocalcemia with tingling, cramps, or tetany.

Facing the patient allows use of visual cues and lip reading, while clear speech at an appropriate pace improves communication.

In primary hypothyroidism, inadequate thyroid hormone production leads to compensatory elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Chronic venous insufficiency commonly produces dependent edema, venous stasis changes, and sometimes ulcers near the medial ankle.

Dysuria, frequency, urgency, and suprapubic discomfort are common features of lower urinary tract infection.

Documentation should be factual, timely, accurate, objective, and reflective of care actually provided.

Sepsis may present with infection plus organ dysfunction, including altered mental status, abnormal blood pressure, respiratory changes, or reduced urine output.

Adequate fluids, dietary fiber, and physical activity promote normal bowel function when clinically appropriate.

Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and can cause perioral tingling, muscle cramps, tetany, and seizures.

Weight-bearing activity, adequate nutrition, and fall prevention help reduce fracture risk in osteoporosis.

Increasing distension with severe pain and hemodynamic instability may indicate hemorrhage, ileus, perforation, or another serious complication requiring urgent assessment.

Central lines carry a risk of serious bloodstream infection; aseptic access and appropriate dressing care are essential.

Fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, altered mental status, and sometimes photophobia are important manifestations of meningitis.

Safe positioning, airway assessment, and monitoring reduce aspiration risk, particularly when consciousness is impaired.

Correct patient identification and compatibility verification are critical safeguards against potentially fatal transfusion errors.

Black tarry stool may indicate upper gastrointestinal bleeding, while vomiting blood is called hematemesis.

Early mobilization and prescribed mechanical or pharmacological prophylaxis reduce venous thromboembolism risk. Suspected DVT should not be vigorously massaged.

Primary adrenal insufficiency can cause hypotension, weakness, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia.

Excess cortisol can cause central obesity, muscle weakness, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and characteristic skin changes.

Unfractionated heparin is commonly monitored using aPTT or an institutionally validated equivalent anti-Xa approach.

Liver failure can impair bilirubin processing and synthesis of clotting factors, producing jaundice and bleeding tendency.

A new tracheostomy carries airway risks; patency, secretion management, and readily available emergency equipment are essential.

Increased work of breathing, exhaustion, cyanosis, or altered consciousness can indicate respiratory failure and requires urgent intervention.