Nursing & Patient Care — Past Papers — Part 6 MCQs with Explanations

Even when cure is impossible, nursing can provide substantial symptom relief, emotional support, comfort, dignity, and goal-directed care.

Comprehensive chronic and palliative care integrates symptom management, education, psychosocial support, function, dignity, autonomy, and goals of care.

Curative treatment addresses disease, while care supports the person's physical, psychological, social, and functional needs; both commonly occur together.

Improved ability to perform meaningful activities and greater independence are important rehabilitation outcomes.

When cure is not realistic, care should emphasize achievable goals, symptom control, function, dignity, and patient-defined quality of life.

Hypovolemia commonly causes tachycardia, vasoconstriction, hypotension as it progresses, and reduced peripheral perfusion and urine output.

Chronic illness can affect mental and social health; appropriate assessment and referral are integral to holistic care.

Caring includes presence, communication, respect, individualized attention, and meaningful response to patient needs.

Nursing care aims to control symptoms, preserve joint function, promote safe activity, and maintain independence.

Pursed-lip breathing can prolong expiration, reduce dynamic airway collapse, and improve breathing efficiency in suitable patients.

Nutritional care should be individualized according to disease, appetite, swallowing, laboratory findings, and prescribed restrictions.

Oncology nursing integrates treatment support, symptom management, education, safety, psychosocial care, and end-of-life support when needed.

Concentrated urine, thirst, dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, and orthostatic symptoms can occur with dehydration.

Secondary prevention focuses on detecting disease early and treating it promptly to limit progression.

Significant respiratory depression is a serious opioid adverse effect requiring prompt assessment and intervention.

Adequate hydration, fiber, and physical activity support normal bowel function when not contraindicated.

Education should be individualized according to knowledge, concerns, readiness, literacy, and self-management needs.

Effective management requires identifying barriers, setting achievable goals, education, support, and follow-up.

Health promotion strengthens individual and community capacity to improve health and reduce risks before serious disease develops.

Spinal cord injury may require ongoing management of bowel, bladder, mobility, skin, and psychosocial needs.

Pain is a major source of suffering and should be assessed and treated promptly according to the care plan.

Quality of life is multidimensional and includes physical functioning, emotional well-being, social roles, symptoms, and personal goals.

Limiting excessive sodium intake, along with an appropriate balanced dietary pattern, can help control blood pressure.

Active acquired immunity develops when the individual's immune system responds to an antigen, naturally or through vaccination.

Airway protection and appropriate positioning reduce aspiration risk; oral intake requires assessment of swallowing and consciousness.

Rapid weight gain may reflect fluid retention and worsening heart failure, particularly with increasing dyspnea or edema.

Holistic nursing addresses physical symptoms together with emotional, social, and psychological needs.

Elevated creatinine can reflect reduced glomerular filtration, although interpretation depends on the clinical context.

Chemotherapy may cause nausea, myelosuppression, mucosal injury, fatigue, and other effects requiring careful monitoring and support.

Hypotension, altered mental status, and oliguria in severe infection are concerning for impaired perfusion and septic shock.

Antibiotics target bacteria and do not directly eliminate viruses; unnecessary use contributes to antimicrobial resistance.

Acute worsening requires prompt assessment of respiratory status and oxygenation and appropriate escalation of care.

Maintaining independence while providing necessary assistance supports dignity, safety, and functional ability.

Rehabilitation aims to restore or maximize function and independence, even when the underlying disease remains.

Type 2 diabetes usually requires long-term management involving lifestyle measures, medication, monitoring, and complication prevention.

Shock threatens tissue perfusion; blood pressure, heart rate, mental status, urine output, and peripheral perfusion are important indicators.

Vitamin B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis and can cause megaloblastic anemia; folate deficiency can produce a similar hematologic picture.

Goals of care should be discussed and care aligned with the patient's informed preferences and clinical circumstances.

Fall prevention requires risk assessment, safe surroundings, accessible assistance, and individualized mobility support.

Glycated hemoglobin reflects average blood glucose exposure over roughly two to three months.