Nursing & Patient Care — Past Papers — Part 7 MCQs with Explanations

Identifying cost, side effects, misunderstanding, forgetfulness, and other barriers allows individualized interventions.

Palliative care aligns symptom management with patient goals and supports comfort and dignity.

Knowledge, motivation, skills, and active participation are central to effective self-management.

Hypertension is often asymptomatic; prescribed therapy may be necessary to reduce cardiovascular and renal complications.

Fever and purulent drainage together may indicate an infectious process, although diagnosis requires clinical assessment.

Stroke may leave neurological deficits requiring prolonged physical, occupational, speech, and psychosocial rehabilitation.

Dysphagia increases aspiration risk; swallowing assessment and appropriate feeding precautions are essential.

Chronic pain can impair sleep, mood, mobility, social function, and overall quality of life.

Palliative nursing prioritizes relief of symptoms, comfort, dignity, psychosocial support, and quality of life.

Iron deficiency typically produces microcytic, hypochromic anemia with reduced hemoglobin synthesis.

Beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce insulin.

Serum creatinine generally rises when kidney filtration declines, although interpretation depends on muscle mass and clinical context.

Honest, compassionate communication should respect patient autonomy while avoiding unsupported predictions.

Monitoring for rash, bronchospasm, hypotension, and other reactions permits rapid intervention if an allergy occurs.

Antibiotic exposure can disrupt normal intestinal flora and predispose to C. difficile infection, particularly with significant diarrhea.

Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis and contributes to normal wound healing and connective-tissue integrity.

Vaccination stimulates adaptive immune responses and memory, allowing a faster response to future exposure.

Jaundice results from elevated bilirubin in tissues and body fluids.

Adrenergic symptoms such as sweating, tremor, palpitations, and anxiety commonly occur during hypoglycemia.

Some patients with severe chronic carbon-dioxide retention can develop worsening hypercapnia with excessive oxygen; oxygen should therefore be titrated to the prescribed target.

Left ventricular failure commonly causes pulmonary venous congestion, dyspnea, crackles, and pulmonary edema.

Pneumonia may require antimicrobial treatment while nursing care addresses oxygenation, hydration, nutrition, monitoring, and comfort.

Repositioning, pressure redistribution, skin assessment, moisture control, and adequate nutrition help prevent pressure injuries.

Severe potassium abnormalities can significantly alter cardiac conduction and produce life-threatening arrhythmias.

Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, thereby lowering blood glucose.

Reduced thyroid hormone activity commonly produces fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, and bradycardia.

Glycated hemoglobin reflects average glycemic exposure over approximately the previous 2–3 months.

Asthma requires ongoing management, trigger control, correct medication use, and recognition of worsening symptoms.

Oxygen saturation estimates the percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen and is commonly used to assess oxygenation.

Intake, output, weight, blood pressure, pulse, and clinical signs help evaluate fluid replacement and prevent overload.

Anemia is characterized by reduced hemoglobin or red-cell mass below the appropriate reference range.

Supportive care helps maintain physiological function, comfort, nutrition, mobility, and quality of life during illness.

Adherence and infection-control practices are essential for successful treatment and prevention of transmission and resistance.

Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs through measures such as immunization and health promotion.

Education and self-management are essential parts of chronic disease care and reduce preventable complications.

Emotional support and adaptive coping strategies are important components of holistic chronic care.

Rehabilitation focuses on maximizing independence and function within the person's capabilities.

Nursing goals may focus on pain control, mobility, independence, and prevention of complications.

Person-centered care incorporates individual preferences, values, needs, and goals alongside clinical requirements.

Dialysis replaces selected kidney functions but does not necessarily cure the underlying chronic kidney disease.